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Coeliac disease, a condition that impacts the digestive process of the small intestine, is increasingly gaining attention due to its sensitivity to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. When individuals with Coeliac disease consume gluten, their immune system reacts by damaging the lining of the small intestine, leading to malabsorption of nutrients. The prevalence of Coeliac disease varies globally but is estimated to affect about 1% of the population, with many cases undiagnosed due to the variability of symptoms.
The exact cause of Coeliac disease remains a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. It is known to run in families, suggesting a genetic predisposition. When people with the genetic tendency consume gluten, it triggers an immune response that damages the intestines. Environmental factors, such as gastrointestinal infections or a diet high in gluten early in life, might increase the risk of developing Coeliac disease.
- Chronic diarrhea or constipation - Abdominal pain and bloating - Unexplained weight loss - Fatigue - Anaemia due to iron deficiency - Skin rash (dermatitis herpetiformis) - Mouth ulcers - Joint and bone pain - Headaches and a feeling of general unwellness - In children, failure to thrive and delayed puberty
Diagnosis of Coeliac disease begins with a thorough medical history and a physical examination. Healthcare providers may order blood tests to look for antibodies typically present in the blood of people with Coeliac disease. If blood tests suggest Coeliac disease, an endoscopic biopsy from the small intestine may be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Genetic testing can also be helpful, especially in ambiguous cases or for individuals who have already started a gluten-free diet.
Currently, there is no cure for Coeliac disease, and the only effective treatment is a strict gluten-free diet for life. Removing gluten from the diet helps heal the intestinal damage and prevents further damage. In addition to dietary changes, individuals may need nutritional supplements to correct deficiencies. Prevention of Coeliac disease is challenging due to its genetic components, but early identification and treatment can prevent most complications. Parents with a family history of the condition should consult their healthcare provider for early screening of their children. In the realm of functional medicine, treatments may also focus on supporting the gut health and immune system through probiotics, digestive enzymes, and a nutrient-rich diet that excludes not only gluten but also other potential inflammatory foods. Functional medicine aims at not just treating the symptoms but also addressing the root cause of diseases, promoting overall health and preventing future complications.